A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when a blood clot blocks one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. In most cases, the clot starts in the deep veins of the legs, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), before traveling to the lungs. Because pulmonary embolism can reduce oxygen levels, damage the lungs, and place strain on the heart, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical for preventing serious complications.
A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot, fat particle, air bubble, or other material blocks blood flow through the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. Most pulmonary embolism cases are caused by blood clots that travel through the bloodstream from the legs or pelvis.
When blood flow is blocked, the lungs cannot deliver oxygen properly to the body. Large clots can place dangerous pressure on the heart and may lead to sudden death in severe cases.
Blood clots usually form in the deep veins of the legs during periods of slow blood circulation or abnormal clotting. If part of the clot breaks loose, it can move through the bloodstream and become trapped in the pulmonary arteries.
This blockage is known as a pulmonary embolism and requires immediate medical attention because it can quickly become life-threatening.
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are closely related conditions. DVT occurs when a clot forms in the leg veins, while pulmonary embolism happens when the clot travels to the lungs.
Many patients experience warning signs of DVT before developing a pulmonary embolism, including:
Several medical conditions and lifestyle factors increase the risk of pulmonary embolism.
Blood Clots in the Legs
The most common cause of pulmonary embolism is deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the legs. These clots can develop after long periods of sitting, bed rest, or surgery.
Long Periods of Inactivity
Sitting for long hours slows blood circulation and increases clotting risk. This commonly occurs during:
Surgery and Trauma
Major surgery, especially orthopedic procedures involving the hips or knees, can damage blood vessels and increase clot formation.
Smoking
Smoking damages blood vessels and makes blood more likely to clot. People who smoke and use hormonal medications have an even greater risk.
Obesity
Excess body weight can slow blood circulation and increase pressure on the veins, making blood clots and pulmonary embolism more likely.
Cancer and Pulmonary Embolism
Certain cancers and cancer treatments can increase the risk of blood clots. Patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or prolonged hospitalization may have a higher risk of developing pulmonary embolism.
Certain health conditions and inherited disorders can increase the likelihood of developing blood clots.
Pregnancy and Postpartum Risks
Pregnancy increases pressure on veins in the pelvis and legs. Women remain at higher risk for pulmonary embolism after childbirth, especially after a cesarean section.
Birth Control Pills and Hormone Therapy
Hormonal medications containing estrogen may increase clotting risk in some individuals.
Genetic Blood Clotting Disorders
Inherited clotting disorders such as Factor V Leiden can make blood clot more easily.
Age and Family History
Older adults and individuals with a family history of blood clots are more likely to develop pulmonary embolism.
Pulmonary embolism symptoms can appear suddenly or gradually, depending on the size of the clot.
The most common symptoms include:
Some patients may cough up blood, which is considered a medical emergency.
Call 911 immediately if you experience:
Pulmonary embolism treatment depends on the size and severity of the clot.
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism
Doctors may use imaging tests such as CT pulmonary angiography, chest imaging, blood tests, and ultrasound examinations of the legs to confirm a pulmonary embolism diagnosis.
Blood Thinners
Blood-thinning medications help prevent existing clots from growing and reduce the risk of new clots.
Clot-Dissolving Medications
Severe pulmonary embolism cases may require thrombolytic drugs that quickly dissolve dangerous clots.
Surgery and Catheter Procedures
Large or life-threatening clots may require surgical removal or catheter-directed treatment.
Oxygen Therapy
Patients with low blood oxygen levels may require supplemental oxygen therapy to support breathing and improve oxygen delivery throughout the body.
At Pulmonary Clinics of Scottsdale, our pulmonary specialists evaluate and manage conditions such as pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, COPD, sleep apnea, and other respiratory disorders. Early evaluation can help reduce complications and improve recovery outcomes.
Without treatment, pulmonary embolism can cause serious complications.
Although not all cases are preventable, healthy habits can lower the risk.
Stay Physically Active
Regular movement improves circulation and helps prevent blood clots.
Wear Compression Stockings
Compression socks may help improve blood flow in high-risk individuals.
Stay Hydrated During Travel
Drinking water and moving during long flights can reduce clot risk.
Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle
Avoid smoking, maintain a healthy weight, and follow medical advice after surgery or hospitalization.
Can Pulmonary Embolism Be Cured?
Most pulmonary embolisms can be successfully treated with medications and medical care, especially when diagnosed early.
Can a Pulmonary Embolism Kill You?
Yes. A large pulmonary embolism can block blood flow to the lungs and become life-threatening.
Can Pulmonary Embolism Go Away on Its Own?
Small clots may break down naturally, but medical treatment is still necessary to prevent complications.
Can Young Adults Get Pulmonary Embolism?
Yes. Although risk increases with age, pulmonary embolism can affect younger adults, especially smokers, pregnant women, and people with inherited clotting disorders.
What Is the Recovery Time for Pulmonary Embolism?
Recovery varies depending on the severity of the clot, but many patients improve within weeks to months with proper treatment.
Is Pulmonary Embolism the Same as a Heart Attack?
No. A pulmonary embolism is caused by a blockage in the lungs, while a heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked.
Pulmonary embolism is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks blood flow. Common pulmonary embolism causes include deep vein thrombosis (DVT), prolonged inactivity, surgery, smoking, obesity, cancer, pregnancy, and inherited clotting disorders. Recognizing pulmonary embolism symptoms early and seeking prompt medical treatment can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. If you experience sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, or symptoms of a blood clot, seek immediate medical attention.
If you are experiencing symptoms of pulmonary embolism and need expert pulmonary care, the specialists at Pulmonary Clinics of Scottsdale can help with diagnosis, treatment, and long-term respiratory health management.